24 December 2024
Ethan Mudavanhu, data governance manager,
Access Partnership
Navigating spectrum utilisation: complexities and opportunities
The advent of 5G technology was once sold as a transformative force in the ever-evolving telecommunications landscape, with claims that it could revolutionise mobile communications and enable futuristic applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgery. However, the fervour surrounding 5G seems to have dwindled, leaving many anticipated use cases unfulfilled despite the actual deployment of the technology.
This shift has prompted a critical examination of the crucial element at the heart of this technological revolution: spectrum utilisation. Effective regulatory policies governing the allocation, usage, and management of radio frequencies are key to unlocking the true potential of 5G in the second half of the year.
The spectrum battle
At the recent World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (WRC-23), a significant clash emerged between technology companies and telecom operators over the 6GHz band. Operators argued that the entire 6GHz band (5,925-7,125MHz) should be dedicated to International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) to meet national connectivity goals and the growing spectrum demands of both 5G and the anticipated 6G rollout. In contrast, technology companies sought to delicense and allocate portions of the band for WiFi, claiming it would spur innovation in unlicensed usage.
WRC-23 designated the 7,025-7,125MHz (100MHz) band for IMT in Region 1, allowing telecom operators to acquire it through auctions for their 5G and 6G ventures. Concurrently, the upper 6GHz band was reserved for unlicensed use, such as WiFi. This decision means that both telcos and tech companies will influence national implementations. Additionally, WRC-23 approved new studies in 4GHz, 7-8GHz, and 15GHz for additional mid-band spectrum for 4G, 5G, and 6G.
While telcos celebrated, concerns about the underutilisation of current 5G spectrum remain. Discussions often focus on allocating new bands. However, the efficiency of deployed spectrum for 5G applications is a critical but often overlooked consideration. This article assesses existing spectrum utilisation, particularly in Africa, where WRC-23 decided to release more spectrum in Region 1.
The impact and current landscape
A survey conducted by Access Partnership on the 5G rollout and utilisation across Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, and South Africa reveals a diverse landscape of progress and challenges. In Kenya, Safaricom and Airtel are leading the 5G rollout, with Safaricom extending coverage to 21 out of 47 counties and Airtel launching services in 16 counties. Namibia recently granted 5G licences, utilising the 700 and 800MHz bands. Nigeria has made substantial progress, with over half a million 5G subscriptions and MTN Nigeria operating in the 3.5GHz band across 13 major cities. In South Africa, 5G infrastructure deployment is active, with increasing population coverage despite urban-rural disparities and challenges such as infrastructure vandalism.
These findings illustrate varied levels of 5G deployment and utilisation. Namibia’s recent licence grants indicate the initial stages of a 5G rollout, while Nigeria’s rapid subscription growth highlights strong market uptake. Kenya’s telecom operators are actively expanding their networks, whereas South Africa faces issues related to security and equitable access.
Lessons and recommendations
While strides have been made, challenges such as infrastructure vandalism and rural coverage gaps persist. Optimising existing 5G bands and addressing specific regional hurdles are crucial for unleashing the full potential of 5G technology. The case studies highlight the need for a holistic approach, considering both urban and rural dynamics, to ensure the equitable distribution and utilisation of 5G across diverse jurisdictions.
It is prudent to conclude with recommendations addressing the lessons gleaned from the case studies if we are to utilise the realised spectrum and fulfil the potential of 5G and, inevitably, 6G:
1) Balancing profitability and inclusiveness in 5G deployment
Deploying 5G involves balancing private profitability and public inclusiveness. The profitability threshold for mobile operators is around 10%, contingent on factors like macroeconomic dynamics, competition, and regulatory frameworks. However, geographical disparities, especially in remote areas, pose challenges. Bridging this gap requires focusing on expanding 4G connectivity to underserved areas while investing in affordable 5G equipment for a sustainable transition.
2) Investment challenges in 5G infrastructure
Achieving widespread 5G connectivity demands substantial investments in spectrum, radio access networks (RAN) infrastructure, transmission, and core networks. A standalone 5G network is needed to deploy applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgery. While leveraging existing infrastructure can reduce costs, some countries lack the necessary infrastructure and require new investments.
3) National security concerns in 5G deployment
5G is a catalyst for innovation and economic growth but also poses security risks. The interdependence of national security and 5G objectives means any threat to 5G networks is a risk to national security. Implementing strong risk management measures, adhering to standards, and promoting engagement and cooperation are essential for a secure and reliable system.
4) Efficient use of current spectrum
To maximise the potential of 5G, it’s crucial to efficiently utilise current spectrum before seeking additional allocations. Strategies include spectrum refarming, dynamic spectrum sharing, and advanced network planning. Regulatory frameworks should incentivise efficient technologies, while public-private partnerships can enhance spectrum management and innovation. By adopting these approaches, countries can lay a solid foundation for future connectivity advancements.
